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TEWL and permeability -
The VapoMeter

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The MoistureMeter-SC

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The MoistureMeter-D

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VapoMeter - Reference publications

  • Transepidermal water loss TEWL, Skin barrier function, Penetration studies
  • Skin irritation
  • Effect of skin care, treatment, nutrition
  • Scalp, lip and nail measurements
  • Wound healing
  • Skin surface water loss SSWL
  • Physiological and Sympathetic skin response, Hyperhidrosis
  • Veterinary dermatology and skin behaviour, treatment and nutrition, Zoology
  • In-vitro studies
  • Validation articles

  • Transepidermal water loss TEWL, Skin barrier function, Penetration studies

    Reservoir based fentanyl transdermal drug delivery systems: effect of patch age on drug release and skin permeation.
    Prodduturi S., Smith G.J., Wokovich A.M., Doub W.H., Westenberger B.J. and Buhse L.
    Pharm Res, 26:6, 2009.

    Novel transdermal delivery of Timolol maleate using sugar esters: Preclinical and clinical studies
    El-Laithy H.M.
    European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutic: 72:239–245, 2009.

    Transdermal fentanyl in cachectic cancer patients
    Heiskanen T., Mätzke S., Haakana S., Gergov M., Vuori E. and Kalso E.
    Pain, 144:1:218-222, 2009.

    Skin surface electric potential as an indicator of skin condition: a new, non-invasive method to evaluate epidermal condition
    Kawau E., Nakanishi J., Kumazawa N., Ozawa K. and Denda M.
    Exp Dermatol, 17:688-692, 2008.

    Epidermal ceramidase activity regulates epidermal desquamation via stratum corneum acidification
    Houben E., Hachem J.P., de Paepe K. and Rogiers V.
    Skin Pharmacol Physiol, 21:111-118, 2008.

    Increased carbonyl protein levels in the stratum corneum of the face during winter
    Kobayashi Y., Iwai I., Akutsu N. and Hirao T.
    Int J Cosmet Sci, 30, 35-40, 2008.

    Cytokines at different stratum corneum levels in normal and sodium lauryl sulphate-irritated skin
    de Jongh C.M., Verberk M.M., Spiekstra S.W., Gibbs S. and Kezic S.
    Skin Res Technol, Vol 13: 390-398, 2007.

    Skin barrier structure and function and their relationship to puritus in end-stage renal disease
    Yosipovitch G., Duque M.I., Pate T.S., Ishiuji Y., Guzman-Sanchez A., Dawn A.G., Freedman B.I., Chan Y.H., Crumrine D. and Elias P.M.
    Nephrol Dial Transplant, Nov;22(11):3268-72, 2007.

    Potential mechanisms by which a single drink of alcohol can increase transdermal absorption of topically applied chemicals
    Brand R.M., Jendrzejewski J.L. and Charron A.R.
    Toxicology, Jun 25;235(3): 141-149, 2007.

    Increased permeability for polyethylene glycols through skin compromised by sodium lauryl sulphate
    Jakasa I., Verberk M.M., Bunge A.L., Kruse J. and Kezic S.
    Exp Dermatol, Oct;15(10): 801-7, 2006.

    Altered penetration of polyethylene glycols into uninvolved skin of atopic dermatitis patienst
    Jakasa I., Verberk M.M., Esposito M., Bos J.D. and Kezic S.
    J Invest Dermatol, 127: 129-134, 2006.

    'Keratolytic' properties of benzoyl peroxide and retinoic acid resemble salicylic acid in man
    Waller J.M., Dreher F., Benham S., Ford C., Lee C., Tiet T., Weinstein G.D. and Maibach H.I.
    Skin Pharmacol Physiol, Vol 19(5): 283-289, 2006.

    Percutaneous penetration of sodium lauryl sulphate is increased in uninvolved skin of patients with atopic dermatitis compared with control subjects
    Jakasa I., de Jongh C.M., Verberk M.M., Bos J.D. and Kezic S.
    Br J Dermatol, Jul;155(1): 104-9 2006.

    Variation in barrier impairment and inflammation of human skin as determined by sodium lauryl sulphate penetration rate
    De Jongh C.M., Jakasa I., Verberk M.M. and Kezic S.
    Br J Dermatol, Apr;154(4): 651-7, 2006.

    Transepidermal water loss reflects permeability barrier status: validation in human and rodent in vivo and ex vivo models
    Fluhr J.W., Feingold K.R. and Elias P.M.
    Exp Dermatol, Jul;15(7): 483-92, 2006.

    Determination of polyethylene glycols of different molecular weight in the stratum corneum
    Jakasa I., Calkoen F. and Kezic S.
    J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, Nov 25;811(2): 177-182, 2004.

    Abstracts

    Teprenone (Geranylgeranylacetone=GGA), a novel isoprene analog of geranylgeranylphosphate prolongs cell survival and improves skin condition
    Lintner K., Mas Chamberlin C., Mondon P and Benech P.
    Presentation at IFSCC 2007 in Amsterdam, 24-26 Sep 2007.

    Variability in the physical properties of the stratum corneum – influences of chronological age and season: 001
    Agarwal V., Godfrey M., Long S., Whitby D., Barton S. and Desnos A.
    Int J Cosmet Sci, 29(3):219, June 2007.

    Mechanism of injury and countermeasures for EVA associated upper extremity medical issues: Extended Vent Tube Study
    Jones J., Hoffman R., Harvey G., Bowen C.K., Hudy C.E., Tuxhorn J., Gernhardt M. and Scheuring R.
    Presentation at 15th International Academy of Astronautics’ “Humans in space” symposium in Beijing, 20-24 May 2007.

    Assessing the gentleness of a sonic skin care brush for daily use
    Henes E.M., Jackson L., Rodriguez S., Ortblad K. and Akridge R.
    J Am Acad Dermatol 2006, 54(3):AB50 Poster 403

    Assessment of permeability barrier function measuring transepidermal water loss: comparing 3 closed-loop systems and 4 open-loop systems in vivo and in vitro
    Fluhr, J. W., Bankova, L., Elias, P. M. and Feingold, K. R.
    Skin Res Technol, Vol 9 (2): 164, 2003.

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    Skin irritation

    The alkaline pH-adapted skin barrier is disrupted severely by SLS-induced irritation
    Kim E., Kim S., Nam G.V., Lee H., Moon S and Chang I
    Int J Cosmet Sci, 31:4:263-269, 2009.

    Skin Barrier Disruption by Sodium Lauryl Sulfate-Exposure Alters the Expressions of Involucrin, Transglutaminase 1, Profilaggrin, and Kallikreins during the Repair Phase in Human Skin In Vivo.
    Törmä H., Lindberg M. and Berne B.
    J Invest Dermatol, epub 15 Nov 2007.

    Differential cytokine expression in skin after single and repeated irritation by sodium lauryl sulphate
    de Jongh C.M., Lutter R., Verberk M.M. and Kezic S.
    Exp Dermatol, 16, 1032-1040, 2007.

    A randomized, controlled, double-blind study of the effect of wearing coated pH 5.5 latex gloves compared with standard powder-free latex gloves on skin pH, transepidermal water loss and skin irritation.
    Mirza R., Maani N., Liu C., Kim J. and Rehmus W.
    Contact Dermatitis, Jul;55(1): 20-5, 2006.

    Stratum corneum cytokines and skin irritation response to sodium lauryl sulfate
    de Jongh C.M., Verberk M.M., Withagen C.E.T., Jacobs J.J.L., Rustemeyer T. and Kezic S.
    Contact Dermatitis, Jun;54(6):325-33, 2006.

    Skin reaction and recovery: a repeated sodium lauryl sulphate patch test vs. a 24-h patch test and tape stripping
    Koopman D.G., Kezic S., Verberk M.M.
    Br J Dermatol, Mar;150(3):493-9, 2004.

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    Effect of skin care, treatment, nutrition

    Cosmeceutical properties produced by levan produced by Zymomonan mobilis
    Kim K.H., Chung C.B., Kim Y.H., Kim K.S., Han C.S. and Kim C.H.
    J Cosmet Sci, 56:395-406, 2005.

    Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity and preventive effects of a topical emulsion and its vehicle control on the skin response to UV exposure
    Zhai H., Behnam S., Villarama C.D., Arens-Corell M., Choi M.J. and Maibach H.I.
    Skin Pharmacol Physiol, 18: 288-293, 2005.

    Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis
    Callaway J., Schwab U., Harvima I., Halonen P., Mykkänen O., Hyvönen P. and Järvinen T.
    Dermatology Treat, 16: 87-94, 2005.

    Moisturizing effects of topical nicotinamide on atopic dry skin
    Soma Y., Kashima M., Imaizumi A., Takahama H., Kawakami T. and Mizoguchi M.
    Int J Dermatol, Mar;44(3): 197-202, 2005.

    Abstracts

    Topical coconut oil application reduces trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) in preterm very low birth weight neonates: A randomised clinical trial
    Nangia S., Paul V.K. and Deorari A.K.
    48th annual meeting of ESPR in Prague, Check Republic, 6 –8 Oct 2007, p. 105.
    Pediatrics, Vol 121 Suppl 2, Jan 2008.

    A pilot study of the efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of Netherton syndrome: Interim results
    Yan A., Shah K., Kubrak C. and Parneix-Spake A.
    J Am Acad Dermatol, February: AB153, 2007.

    Susceptibility to SLS irritation: Effect of a five-day pre-use of two skin care oils studied comparing various techniques and instruments
    Rantanen, T., Snellman, E. and Kostiainen M.
    First World Congress on Work-Related and Environmental Allergy, 9-12 July 2003: p. 95.

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    Scalp, lip and nail measurements

    Tape stripping on a human nail: quantification of removal
    Tudela E., Lamberbourg A., Diaz A.C., Zhai H. and Maibach H.I.
    Skin Res Technol, 14: 472–477, 2008.

    The use of an extended ventilation tube as a countermeasure for EVA-associated upper extremity medical issues
    Jones J.A., Hoffman R.B., Buckland D.A., Harvey C.M., Bowen C.K., Hudy C.E. Strauss S., Novak J. and Gernhardt M.L.
    Acta Astronaut, 63:763-768, 2008.

    Influence of age and hormone replacement therapy on the functional properties of the lips
    Caisey L., Gubanova E., Camus C., Lapatina N., Smetnik V. and Lévêque J.-L.
    Skin Res Technol 2007 (epub on-line)

    Water loss through lip, nail, eyelid skin, scalp skin and axillar skin measured with a closed-chamber evaporation principle
    Nuutinen J., Harvima I., Lahtinen M.-R. and Lahtinen T.
    Br J Dermatol, 148: 839-841, 2003.

    Abstracts

    Shampooing with pyrithione zinc reduces transepidermal water loss in scalp of dandruff-involved patients
    Billhimer W., Erb J., Bacon R., Ertel K and Copas M.
    J Am Acad Dermatol 2006, 54(3):Poster

    Comparison of two instruments to assess scalp barrier function
    Bacon R., Billhimer W., Ertel K. and Watson D.
    Skin Res Technol, Vol 10: 13, 2004.

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    Wound healing

    Instrumental evaluation of the protective effects of a barrier film on surrounding skin in chronic wounds
    Dini V., Salibra F., Brilli C. and Romanelli M.
    Wounds, 20:254-257, Sept 2008.

    Use of nanotechnology-designed footsock in the management of preulcerative conditions in the diabetic foot: results of a single, blind randomized study
    Banchellini E., Macchiarini S., Dini V., Rizzo L., Tedeschi A., Scatena A., Goretti C., Campi F., Romanelli M.. and Alberto P
    Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 7:2:82-87, 2008.

    Abstracts

    Moisture vapour transmission rate – How is this affected by wound fluid viscosity?
    Adams S., Pritchard D. and Rogers J.
    Poster presented at European Wound Management Association 2009, Finland.

    Evaluation of maceration by trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) in patients with venous leg ulcers
    Dini V., Salibra F., Brilli C., Bertone M. and Romanelli M.
    Sumposium on Advanced Wound Care & Medical Reseach Forum on Wound Repair, p. 128, 2006.

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    Skin surface water loss SSWL

    Abstracts

    Measurement of skin hydration in the diapered area of infants with a closed chamber TEWL meter
    Alanen, E., Wiesemann, F., Nuutinen, J. and Lahtinen, T.
    Skin Res Technol, Vol 9 (2): 199, 2003.

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    Physiological and Sympathetic skin response, Hyperhidrosis

    Effects of low humidity and high air velocity in a heated room on physiological responses and thermal comfort after bathing: An experimental study
    Hashiguchi N. and Tochihara Y.
    Int J Nurs Stud 46:172–180, 2009.

    Primary Palmoplantar Hyperhidrosis and Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy: A New Objective Assessment Method
    Tetteh H.A., Groth S.S., Kast T., Whitson B.A., Radosevich D.M., Klopp A.C., D'Cunha J., Maddaus M.A. and Andrade R.S.
    Ann Thorac Surg, 87:1:267-275, January 2009.

    Increased carbonyl protein levels in the stratum corneum of the face during winter
    Kobayashi Y., Iwai I., Akutsu N. and Hirao T.
    Int J Cosmet Sci, 30:35–40, 2008.

    Endoscopic lumbar sympathectomy for women: Effect on compensatory sweat
    Loureiro M.P., de Campos J.R.M., Kauffman P., Jatene F.B., Weigmann S. and Fontana A.
    Clinics, 63(2):189-96, 2008.

    Upper limb musculoskeletal disorders - With special reference to sympathetic nerve functions and tactile sensation
    Ming Z.
    Kuopio University Publications D. Medical Sciences 405. 2007. 91 p. MD Thesis.

    Retroperitoneoscopic lumbar sympathectomy for the treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis: technique and preliminary findings
    Rieger R. and Pedevilla S.
    Surg Endosc, Jan;21(1):129-35, 2007.

    Physiological and subjective responses to low relative humidity in young and elderly men
    Sunwoo Y., Chou C., Takeshita J., Murakami M. and Tochihara Y.
    J Physiol Anthropol, 25:229-238, 2006.

    Physiological and subjective responses to low relative humidity
    Sunwoo Y., Chou C., Takeshita J., Murakami M. and Tochihara Y.
    J Physiol Anthropol, 25:7-14, 2006.

    Abstracts

    Objective evaluation of thoracoscopic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis
    Tetteh H.A., Kast T., Maddaus M.M., Whitson B.A., Groth S.S., Radosevich D.M. and Andrade R.S.
    44th Annual Meeting, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Jan 28-30, 2008, p. 176

    Measurement of the amount of average hydrosis for giving data for scientific comparison
    Pedevilla S. and Rieger R.
    Presented in 7th International Symposium on Sympathetic Surgery, 20–22 March 2007
    Clinical Autonomic Research, Vol 17, Number 2 / April 2007.

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    Veterinary dermatology and skin behaviour, treatment and nutrition, Zoology

    Water exchange and permeability properties of skin in three species of amphibious sea snakes (Laticauda spp.)
    Lillywhite H.B., Menon J.G., Menon G.K., Sheehy 3rd C.M. and Tu M.C.
    J Exp Biol, 212:1921-1929, 2009.

    Profile of the bovine acute-phase response following an intravenous bolus-dose lipopolysaccharide challenge
    Carroll J.A., Reuter R.R., Chase Jr C.C., Coleman S.W., Riley D.G., Spiers D.E., Arthington J.D. and Galyean M.L.
    Innate Immunity, 15:2:81-89, 2009.

    Chronic ethanol ingestion alters xenobiotic absorption through the skin: Potential role of oxidative stress
    Brand R.M. and Jendrzejewski J.L.
    Food Chem Toxicol, 46:1940-1948, 2008.

    Olopatadine ameliorates rat experimental cutaneous inflammation by improving skin barrier function
    Tamura T., Matsubara M., Amano T. and Chida M.
    Pharmacology; 81:118-126, 2008.

    Potential mechanisms by which a single drink of alcohol can increase transdermal absorption of topically applied chemicals
    Brand R.M., Jendrzejewski J.L. and Charron A.R.
    Toxicology, Jun 25;235(3): 141-149, 2007.

    Olopatadine hydrochloride accelerates the recovery of skin barrier function in mice
    Amano T., Takeda T., Yano H. and Tamura T.
    Br J Dermatol, May;156(5):906-912, 2007.

    Cutaneous water loss and lipids of the stratum corneum in dusky anticirds, a lowland tropical bird
    Munos-Garcia A. and Williams J.B.
    The Condor, 109:59-66, 2007.

    Transepidermal water loss reflects permeability barrier status: validation in human and rodent in vivo and ex vivo models
    Fluhr J.W., Feingold K.R. and Elias P.M.
    Exp Dermatol, Jul;15(7): 483-92, 2006.

    Abstracts

    Skin permeability and water relations of sea snakes
    Lillywhite H.B., Babonis L.S., Shhehy C.M. and Tu M.-C.
    FASEB J, 22:1239.18, 2008.

    Sweating rate of dairy cows under shade and sunny environments
    Gebremedhin K.G., Hillman P.E., Lee C.N. and Collier R.J.
    Presented at American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Annual Meeting, 2007.

    Regional differences in sweat rate response of steers to short-term heat stress
    Spiers D.E., Wax L.E., Scharf B. and Aiken G.E.
    J Anim Sci, Vol 84, Suppl 1/J Dairy Sci, Vol 89, Suppl 1: 303-304, 2006.

    Effects of ambient temperature and solar radiation on skin evaporative water loss in dairy cattle
    Pollar B.C., Dwyer, M.E., Fitzgerald A.C., Gentry P.C., Henderson D.A. and Collier R.J.
    J Anim Sci, Vol 82, Suppl 1/J Dairy Sci, Vol 87, Suppl 1/Poult Sci Vol 83, Suppl 1: 198, 2006.

    Impact of alcohol consumption on the skin as determined by non-invasive bioengineering tools
    Brand R.M., Jendrzejewski J.L. and Charron A.R.
    Society of Toxicology Meeting, March 2006.

    Effects of ambient temperature and solar radiation on skin evaporative water loss in dairy cattle
    Pollard, B. C., Dwyer, M. E., Fitzgerald, A. C., Gentry, P. C., Henderson, D. A. and Collier, R. J.
    J Anim Sci, Vol 82, Suppl. 1/ J Dairy Sci, Vol 87, Suppl. 1/ Poult Sci, Vol 83, Suppl. 1. 198, 2004.

    Heat dissipation in winter-acclimated lactating cows and non-lactating heifers subjected to increased ambient temperature and solar radiation in Arizona
    Pollard, B. C., Annen, E. A., Baumgard, L. H., Cheatham, R. C., Estheimer, M. D., Dwyer, M. E., Fitzgerald, A. C., Halfliger, H. C., Moore, C. E., Kay, J. K., Mendivil, O. B., Gentry, P. C., Henderson, D. A., Steining, C. M. and Collier, R. J.
    J Anim Sci, Vol 82, Suppl. 1/ J Dairy Sci, Vol 87, Suppl. 1/ Poult Sci, Vol 83, Suppl. 1. 461, 2004.

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    In-vitro studies

    Reservoir based fentanyl transdermal drug delivery systems: effect of patch age on drug release and skin permeation.
    Prodduturi S., Smith G.J., Wokovich A.M., Doub W.H., Westenberger B.J. and Buhse L.
    Pharm Res, 26:6, 2009.

    Molecular charge mediated transport of a 13 kD protein across microporated skin
    Katikaneni S., Badkar A., Nema S and Banga A.K.
    Int J Pharm, 378:93–100, 2009.

    OcuDrain-ETM - A noninvasive technique for reduction of intraocular pressure
    Murthy S.N., Sammeta S.S. and Vaka S.R.K.
    Int J Pharm, 369:1-2:92-92, 2009.

    Films based on chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes for skin drug delivery:Development and characterization
    Silva C.L., Pereira J.C., Ramalho A., Pais A.C.C.C., Sousa J.J.S.
    J Memb Sci, 320:268-279, 2008.

    Effect of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer on skin permeation of 5-fluorouracil
    Venuganti V.V.K. and Perumal O.P.
    Int J Pharm, 361:230-238, 2008.

    Interaction of lipid nanoparticles with human epidermis and an organotypic cell culture model
    Kuntsche J., Bunjes H., Fahr A., Pappinen S., Rönkkö S., Suhonen M. and Urtti A.
    Int J Pharm, 354:180-195, 2008.

    Qualitative and quantitative comparison of heat separated epidermis and dermatomed skin in percutaneous absorption studies
    Atrux-Tallau N., Pirot F., Falson F., Roberts M.S. and Maibach H.I.
    Arch Dermatol Res, Sep 28, 2007 (epub).

    In vitro human skin model to evaluate water permeability and determine wound dressings' occlusivity
    Zhai X., Yokota M. and Maibach H.I.
    Cutan Ocul Toxicol ;26(2):107-11, 2007.

    Vitamin C enhances differentation of a continuous keratinocyte cell line (REK) into epidermis with normal stratum cornuem ultrasructure and functional permeability barrier
    Pasonen-Seppänen S., Suhonen T.M.,Kirjavainen M., Suihko E.,Urtti A., Miettinen M., Hyttinen M., Tammi M. and Tammi R.
    Histocem Cell Biol, 116: 287-297, 2001.

    Formation of permeability barrier in epidermal organotypic culture for studies on drug transport
    Pasonen-Seppänen S., Suhonen T.M.,Kirjavainen M., Miettinen M., Urtti A., Tammi M. and Tammi R.
    J Invest Dermatol, Vol 117, No 5, 1322-1324, November 2001.

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    Validation articles

    Tape-stripping method in man: comparison of evaporimetric methods
    Zhai H., Dika E., Goldovsky M. and Maibach H.I.
    Skin Res Technol, Vol 13: 207-210, 2007.

    Measurement of transepidermal water loss by closed-chamber systems
    Nuutinen J.
    in Serup J., Jemec G.B.E. and Grove G., (eds.), Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin, 2nd edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 393-396, 2006.

    Comparative evaporimetry in man
    Shah J.H., Zhai H. and Maibach H.I.
    Skin Res Technol, Vol 11: 205-208, 2005.

    Validation of the VapoMeter, a closed unventilated chamber system to assess transepidermal water loss vs. the open chamber Tewameter
    De Paepe K., Houben E., Adam R., Wiesemann F. and Rogiers V.
    Skin Res Technol, Vol 11: 61-69, 2005.

    Water loss through lip, nail, eyelid skin, scalp skin and axillar skin measured with a closed-chamber evaporation principle
    Nuutinen J., Harvima I., Lahtinen M.-R. and Lahtinen T.
    Br J Dermatol, 148: 839-841, 2003.

    A closed unventilated chamber for the measurement of transepidermal water loss
    Nuutinen J., Alanen E., Autio P., Lahtinen M-R., Harvima I. and Lahtinen T.
    Skin Res Technol, Vol 9: 85-89, 2003.

    Abstracts

    Applicability of the closed unventilated VapoMeter to assess transepidermal water loss (TEWL) on nasolabial skin areas
    De Paepe, K., Houben, E., Adam, R., Wiesemann, F. and Rogiers, V.
    Skin Res Technol, Vol 10: 3, 2004.

    Comparison of two methods for TEWL measurement
    Shah J.H., Zhai H., Maibach H.I. and Nuutinen J.
    Skin Res Technol, Vol 10, 2004.

    Measurement of water evaporation rates with a closed chamber TEWL meter
    Nuutinen, J., Alanen, E. and Lahtinen, T.
    Skin Res Technol, Vol 9 (2): 183, 2003.

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